1. Introduction
Preparing for an interview can be a daunting task, especially when it’s for a prestigious company like Genentech. Candidates often wonder about the genentech interview questions they might face. This article aims to provide insight into the types of questions that could come up during an interview with Genentech, covering aspects from industry knowledge to interpersonal skills, ensuring that you can approach your interview with confidence.
Genentech Interview Essentials
When gearing up for an interview with Genentech, one of the world’s leading biotechnology companies, it’s vital to understand the ethos and the innovation-driven environment of the company. Genentech, a member of the Roche Group, has been at the forefront of the biotech industry for more than 40 years, pioneering novel medicines and treatments for serious diseases.
The company places a high value on scientific excellence, collaboration, and patient-focused research, which is reflected in its rigorous hiring process. Candidates should prepare to demonstrate not only their technical and scientific acumen but also their ability to work effectively in teams and adapt to the fast-paced nature of the biopharmaceutical field. With a deep understanding of Genentech’s mission and a readiness to delve into personal experiences that showcase relevant skills, applicants can make a strong impression in their interviews.
3. Genentech Interview Questions
Q1. Can you describe your experience with biotechnology or pharmaceuticals? (Industry Knowledge)
How to Answer:
When asked about your experience with biotechnology or pharmaceuticals, it’s important to be specific about your background. Detail the roles you’ve held, the types of projects you’ve worked on, and any significant achievements or contributions you’ve made to the field. If you have experience with specific techniques, technologies, or regulatory environments, be sure to mention these.
Example Answer:
In my five years of experience within the biotechnology sector, I’ve had the opportunity to work in both research and development and quality assurance roles. At XYZ Biotech, I was part of the team that developed a novel monoclonal antibody therapy for autoimmune diseases, where I was responsible for cell culture and assay development. This project required a deep understanding of immunology and bioprocessing. I have also been involved in preparing regulatory submissions for the FDA, which gave me insight into the critical aspects of compliance and safety in drug development. My technical expertise includes:
- Cell culture techniques
- Chromatography and mass spectrometry
- ELISA and flow cytometry
- GMP guidelines and FDA regulatory framework
Q2. Why do you want to work at Genentech? (Motivation & Cultural Fit)
How to Answer:
To answer this question effectively, focus on what draws you to Genentech specifically. Consider aspects such as Genentech’s reputation for innovation, its culture, its approach to patient care, its product pipeline, and the potential for personal and professional growth within the company. Align your values and career goals with what you know about Genentech.
Example Answer:
I want to work at Genentech because I am inspired by the company’s commitment to groundbreaking research and patient-centered care. Genentech is known for its innovative approach to tackling some of the most challenging diseases, which aligns with my passion for making a tangible difference in patients’ lives. Moreover, I value the collaborative culture at Genentech and its dedication to employee development. I am particularly excited about opportunities to contribute to and learn from projects within the oncology and immunology departments, as these are areas I am deeply passionate about.
Q3. How do you approach problem-solving when faced with an unexpected challenge in the lab? (Problem-Solving)
How to Answer:
Discuss your systematic approach to problem-solving. You can mention how you identify the problem, gather information, brainstorm potential solutions, test these solutions, and evaluate the outcomes. Emphasize your critical thinking skills, adaptability, and ability to remain calm under pressure.
Example Answer:
When faced with an unexpected challenge in the lab, I approach problem-solving methodically. My steps typically include:
- Identifying the Problem: I start by clearly defining the issue at hand.
- Information Gathering: Collecting relevant data and researching previous similar incidents.
- Brainstorming: Conjuring up potential solutions with the team.
- Testing: Experimenting with the most viable solutions in a controlled manner.
- Evaluation: Assessing the effectiveness and refining the approach as needed.
For instance, when I encountered a reproducibility issue with an assay, I first verified all the standard protocols and reagents. Upon finding no errors there, I collected all recent assay performance data, and through analysis, I discovered a pattern linked to temperature fluctuations in the lab. By implementing a revised protocol that included temperature monitoring, I was able to solve the problem and improve the assay’s reliability.
Q4. What is your understanding of Genentech’s product pipeline? (Company Knowledge)
How to Answer:
Prior to the interview, research Genentech’s current product pipeline. Be aware of the different stages of development their products are in, along with any recent successes or challenges the company has faced. Demonstrate that you are informed about their areas of focus and the potential impact of these products.
Example Answer:
Genentech has a diverse pipeline with a strong focus on oncology, immunology, ophthalmology, and neuroscience. Some of the most compelling products in their pipeline include:
Therapeutic Area | Product Name | Development Phase |
---|---|---|
Oncology | Drug A | Phase III |
Immunology | Drug B | Phase II |
Ophthalmology | Drug C | Phase III |
Neuroscience | Drug D | Phase I |
I’m particularly impressed with their advancements in personalized cancer treatments and their commitment to address unmet medical needs. For example, their work on Drug A for breast cancer has shown promising Phase III results and could significantly improve outcomes for patients with specific genetic markers. Their commitment to innovation and patient care is closely aligned with my professional goals.
Q5. Describe a time you had to work under tight deadlines. How did you manage your time and priorities? (Time Management)
How to Answer:
Share a specific instance where you had to manage a heavy workload or tight deadline. Explain the strategies you used to manage your time efficiently and how you prioritized tasks to ensure successful completion.
Example Answer:
In my previous role at ABC Pharma, I was tasked with leading a cross-functional team to complete a regulatory submission within a six-week timeframe, which was two weeks shorter than the typical schedule. To handle this challenge, I:
- Outlined a detailed project plan with milestones and deadlines.
- Prioritized tasks based on their importance and urgency.
- Delegated work effectively, ensuring each team member had a clear understanding of their responsibilities.
- Conducted brief daily stand-up meetings to monitor progress and address any roadblocks immediately.
- Maintained open communication with all stakeholders to manage expectations and ensure alignment.
Using these strategies, we were able to submit the documentation two days ahead of the deadline without compromising on quality. This experience taught me the importance of proactive planning, clear communication, and flexibility in managing tight deadlines.
Q6. How do you ensure accuracy and reliability in your experimental data? (Data Analysis)
How to Answer:
To ensure accuracy and reliability in experimental data, it is essential to discuss the various methods and best practices employed during data collection, analysis, and interpretation. Emphasize strategies such as replication, use of controls, data validation, and standardization of procedures.
Example Answer:
The key to ensuring accuracy and reliability in experimental data is to adhere to strict protocols and to utilize a combination of the following strategies:
- Replication: Performing the experiment multiple times to ensure the results are consistent.
- Controls: Using control samples to contrast with experimental samples and to help isolate the effect of the variable being tested.
- Data validation: Checking data entry for errors and employing software or statistical methods to identify outliers or anomalies.
- Standardization: Ensuring procedures are carried out in the same manner each time to reduce variability.
- Calibration: Regularly calibrating equipment to ensure measurements are accurate.
- Peer Review: Sharing data and methods with colleagues for feedback and validation.
- Documentation: Keeping detailed records of methodologies, data, and analyses to provide clear evidence for findings.
Q7. What role do you typically play in team projects? (Teamwork & Collaboration)
How to Answer:
Reflect on your past experiences in team settings. Are you often the leader, coordinator, the ideas person, the one who ensures everything is on schedule, or the one who supports and assists others? Provide examples and explain why you assume such roles.
Example Answer:
In team projects, my role can vary depending on the needs of the team and the project. However, I often find myself taking on the following roles:
- Coordinator: I’m good at organizing and planning, ensuring that all parts of the project are moving forward.
- Motivator: I strive to keep the team engaged and motivated, recognizing achievements and maintaining a positive attitude.
- Problem Solver: When challenges arise, I apply critical thinking and creativity to find effective solutions.
Q8. Describe your experience with cell culture techniques. (Technical Skills)
How to Answer:
Discuss specific techniques you are proficient in, the types of cells you’ve worked with, and the context or projects in which you’ve applied these skills. Mention any relevant training and the outcomes of your cell culture work.
Example Answer:
I have extensive experience with a variety of cell culture techniques gained over several years working in both academic and industrial laboratory settings. My experience includes:
- Primary and Secondary Cell Culture: Isolating cells from tissues and maintaining continuous cell lines.
- Aseptic Technique: Employing sterile methods to prevent contamination.
- Cell Counting and Viability Assays: Using hemocytometers and automated cell counters, as well as trypan blue exclusion and MTT assays for cell viability.
- Transfection and Infection: Introducing DNA or RNA into cells using various methods, including viral vectors.
- Cryopreservation and Thawing: Freezing cells for long-term storage and effectively recovering them for further use.
- Troubleshooting: Identifying and solving issues such as contamination, poor growth, or differentiation.
Q9. How do you stay current with the latest research and developments in biotech? (Continuous Learning)
How to Attend:
Candidates should explain the methods they use to stay up-to-date with the fast-evolving field of biotech. This may include reading scientific journals, attending conferences, participating in workshops, online courses, and professional networking.
Example Answer:
To stay current with the latest research and developments in biotech, I employ several strategies:
- Reading Scientific Journals: I regularly read journals such as Nature Biotechnology, Science, and Cell.
- Attending Conferences: I attend at least two major biotech conferences each year to learn from and network with other professionals.
- Online Courses and Webinars: I take advantage of online learning platforms to update my skills and knowledge.
- Professional Networks: I engage with online forums and local biotech groups to share insights and discuss new trends.
- Industry News: I follow biotech news outlets and press releases to keep abreast of industry advancements and company-specific innovations.
Q10. Explain a complex scientific concept in simple terms. (Communication Skills)
How to Answer:
Select a complex scientific concept that you are familiar with and break it down into fundamental components. Use analogies, simple language, and avoid jargon to make the explanation accessible to someone without a scientific background.
Example Answer:
Let’s take the concept of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing. Imagine the genome as an enormous book full of instructions that tell a cell how to function. Sometimes, there are typos or errors in the instructions that can cause problems, like diseases. CRISPR-Cas9 is like a precise pair of scissors guided by a GPS. The GPS (a small piece of RNA) guides the scissors (Cas9 protein) to the exact location of the error in the book. Once there, the scissors cut out the typo, and the cell can use a spare piece of text (a DNA template) to fix it. This way, we can potentially correct genetic errors that cause diseases, almost like proofreading a book to remove any mistakes.
Q11. Have you ever encountered a failed experiment? How did you proceed? (Resilience & Troubleshooting)
How to Answer:
In answering this question, you should demonstrate your resilience, problem-solving abilities, and analytical skills. Be honest about a past failure but focus on the steps you took to address the issue rather than the failure itself. Illustrate your capacity to learn from mistakes, adapt your approach, and persist in the face of setbacks.
Example Answer:
Yes, I have encountered failed experiments in my career. For instance, during my work on a project that aimed to identify novel drug targets for breast cancer, an initial screen yielded results that were not reproducible.
- Analyzing the failure: I carefully analyzed the experimental design, reagents, and the procedure to identify potential points of failure.
- Troubleshooting steps: I implemented controls, reran the assays with fresh reagents, and collaborated with colleagues to review the protocol.
- Learning from the failure: Through this process, I discovered that a batch of reagents was compromised, which likely led to the initial failure.
- Outcome: After obtaining new reagents and adjusting the assay conditions, I successfully replicated the experiment, and the results were consistent and reliable.
This experience taught me the importance of systematic troubleshooting and the value of perseverance in scientific research.
Q12. What is your experience with clinical trial design and execution? (Clinical Knowledge)
How to Answer:
Discuss your direct experience with clinical trials, highlighting your understanding of the design, execution, and analysis phases. If you have been involved in particular stages, such as patient recruitment or data management, mention these aspects. If your experience is more limited, focus on the knowledge you have gained through education or indirect involvement.
Example Answer:
I have had the opportunity to be involved in several aspects of clinical trial design and execution. My experience includes:
- Designing clinical trials: I collaborated with a multidisciplinary team to define endpoints, select appropriate patient populations, and determine the most effective statistical methods.
- Executing clinical trials: I was part of the operational team that ensured the trial ran smoothly, including overseeing patient recruitment and maintaining GCP compliance.
- Data analysis: I have worked with statisticians to analyze trial data using software such as SAS and R.
Here is a summary of my experience:
Phase | Responsibilities | Tools/Software Used |
---|---|---|
Trial Design | Endpoint selection, patient population criteria, statistical plan | N/A |
Trial Execution | Patient recruitment, compliance monitoring | CTMS, EDC Systems |
Data Analysis & Reporting | Interpreting data, drafting reports | SAS, R, SPSS |
This experience has provided me with in-depth knowledge of the intricacies of clinical trial design and the importance of rigorous execution to ensure reliable and actionable results.
Q13. Can you discuss a project where you utilized statistical analysis tools? (Quantitative Skills)
During a project aimed at optimizing the formulation of a new monoclonal antibody, I used statistical analysis tools extensively. The goal was to identify the best combination of stabilizers that would enhance the product’s shelf life without affecting its efficacy.
- Design of experiments (DoE): I used a factorial design to systematically explore the effects of different stabilizers and their concentrations.
- Statistical software: I utilized JMP and R to analyze the data, applying ANOVA to determine the significant factors contributing to stability.
- Data visualization: I created interactive plots and graphs to visualize the interactions between variables and their impact on the formulation’s performance.
Through these analyses, we were able to pinpoint the optimal formulation that met our stability and efficacy criteria, greatly accelerating the development timeline for the product.
Q14. How do you handle conflicts with colleagues or supervisors? (Conflict Resolution)
How to Answer:
When answering this question, highlight your interpersonal skills, empathy, and ability to stay professional. Outline a clear, constructive approach to conflict resolution that involves active listening, seeking common ground, and finding mutually beneficial solutions. If possible, provide a specific example of how you resolved a conflict in the past.
Example Answer:
Conflicts are inevitable in any workplace, and I handle them by following a few key principles:
- Active Listening: I ensure that I fully understand the other person’s perspective before responding.
- Empathy: I try to empathize with the other person’s situation and feelings to find common ground.
- Open Communication: I maintain open and respectful communication throughout the conflict resolution process.
- Seeking Solutions: Together with the other party, I aim to find a solution that addresses the concerns of all involved.
For instance, I had a disagreement with a colleague over the allocation of resources for a project. By sitting down and openly discussing our individual project needs and priorities, we were able to come up with a compromise that allowed both projects to proceed with minimal disruption.
Q15. What are the key regulatory considerations in biopharmaceutical development? (Regulatory Knowledge)
Regulatory considerations are crucial in the development of biopharmaceuticals to ensure product safety, efficacy, and quality. Some of the key considerations include:
- Compliance with Guidelines: Adhering to guidelines set by regulatory bodies like the FDA (US), EMA (EU), and ICH.
- Preclinical Testing: Demonstrating safety through in vitro and in vivo studies before human trials.
- Clinical Trials: Designing and conducting trials in accordance with GCP to establish safety and efficacy.
- Manufacturing Standards: Meeting GMP standards for production, quality control, and facility inspections.
- Labeling and Advertising: Ensuring that product labeling and promotional materials are truthful and not misleading.
- Post-Marketing Surveillance: Monitoring the product post-approval for any adverse effects or safety issues.
These considerations, among others, are integral to every stage of biopharmaceutical development and are critical for gaining and maintaining market authorization for new therapeutic products.
Q16. How do you prioritize tasks when working on multiple projects? (Project Management)
How to Answer:
You should describe a systematic approach that shows you can handle multiple responsibilities effectively. Mention tools or methods you use for prioritization, such as the Eisenhower matrix, scrum boards, or project management software. Explain how you assess the urgency and importance of tasks, consider deadlines, allocate resources, and communicate with team members and stakeholders.
Example Answer:
When working on multiple projects, I use a combination of priority matrices and project management software to keep my tasks in order. Here’s my typical approach:
- Identify all tasks: I list out all the tasks that need to be done for each project.
- Assess urgency and importance: I categorize tasks based on their urgency and importance using the Eisenhower matrix, which helps me focus on what truly needs to be done first.
- Consider deadlines and dependencies: I schedule tasks based on their deadlines and any dependencies that might affect other tasks or projects.
- Communicate with stakeholders: I regularly check in with project stakeholders to ensure that my understanding of task priorities aligns with their expectations.
- Review and adjust: At the end of each day or week, I review my task list and adjust priorities if necessary, based on new information or changes in project scope.
Q17. Discuss a time when you had to adapt to significant changes at work. (Adaptability)
How to Answer:
When answering this question, highlight your flexibility and positive attitude towards change. Describe the situation, the change that occurred, the actions you took to adapt, and the outcome. Emphasize your problem-solving skills and ability to maintain productivity during times of change.
Example Answer:
In my previous role, the company decided to shift from an on-premises infrastructure to a cloud-based platform. This was a significant change for my team and required us to quickly adapt our skills and workflows.
- Embraced learning: I took the initiative to learn about the new platform through online courses and webinars.
- Collaborated with my team: I organized a series of workshops for my team to share knowledge and best practices for working with the new platform.
- Stayed flexible: By maintaining a flexible mindset, I helped my team remain open to the changes and work through any challenges.
- Outcome: As a result, we were able to migrate to the cloud smoothly, and even improved our overall productivity by leveraging the new platform’s advantages.
Q18. How have you demonstrated leadership in a scientific or professional setting? (Leadership)
How to Answer:
Discuss specific instances where you showed leadership qualities, such as vision, communication, responsibility, and the ability to motivate and guide others. Explain the context, your role, the actions you took, and the impact of your leadership on the project or team.
Example Answer:
In my previous position as a lab manager, I led the implementation of a new data analysis tool that significantly improved our research process.
- Vision: I identified the need for a new tool that could streamline our data analysis and save time.
- Communication: I presented my proposal to both senior management and my team, explaining the benefits and the steps needed for implementation.
- Guidance: I organized training sessions and created a supportive environment for my team to learn and ask questions.
- Responsibility: I took charge of the project, ensuring that all milestones were met on time and addressing any issues that arose.
- Impact: The new tool was successfully adopted, leading to a 30% reduction in analysis time and a notable increase in team productivity and morale.
Q19. What steps do you take to ensure ethical considerations in your work? (Ethics)
How to Answer:
Discuss the practices and procedures you follow to uphold ethical standards in your work. This could include adherence to industry regulations, following company policies, seeking ethical approval for research, and considering the wider impact of your work.
Example Answer:
Ethics is paramount in my work, especially given the implications in the biotechnology field. Here are the steps I take to ensure ethical considerations:
- Stay informed: I keep up-to-date with industry regulations and ethical guidelines.
- Company policies: I strictly adhere to my company’s code of conduct and ethics policies.
- Ethical approval: For research projects, I always ensure we have the necessary approvals from ethical review boards before beginning.
- Transparency: I maintain transparency in my work by documenting processes and results accurately.
- Consider impact: I assess the potential impacts of our work on society and the environment and strive to minimize negative effects.
Q20. Have you ever contributed to a patent or scientific publication? Tell us about that experience. (Innovation & Contribution)
How to Answer:
If you have contributed to a patent or publication, describe your role in the project, the innovation or research involved, and the significance of your contribution. If you haven’t had such an experience yet, you could talk about your interest and potential to contribute in the future.
Example Answer:
Yes, I have contributed to both a patent and several scientific publications. The most memorable experience was when I was part of a team that developed a new assay technique for measuring certain biomarkers in blood samples.
- Role: I was responsible for the experimental design and data analysis.
- Innovation: Our technique was more sensitive and faster than existing methods.
- Significance: The work resulted in a patent, and I was listed as a co-inventor. We also published our findings in a reputable journal, contributing to the scientific community’s understanding of biomarker detection.
Contribution Type | Role | Description | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
Patent | Co-inventor | Developed a sensitive assay technique for biomarker detection. | Patent awarded, improved diagnostic tool. |
Publication | Co-author | Performed experimental design and data analysis for the assay. | Published findings, advanced knowledge. |
Using the table format above, I’ve summarized the key elements of my contribution to a patent and publication, which is an effective way to present such information during an interview.
Q21. Describe your proficiency with bioinformatics tools and software. (Bioinformatics Skills)
How to Answer:
In your answer, be specific about the tools and software you have experience with. Discuss your comfort level with each, perhaps rating your proficiency if applicable, and mention any significant projects or results you’ve achieved using these tools. Don’t forget to highlight any unique or advanced skills you have.
Example Answer:
My experience with bioinformatics tools and software is extensive, having worked with a variety of platforms throughout my education and professional career. Here’s a summary of my proficiency with some of the most relevant tools:
- BLAST (Basic Local Alignment Search Tool): I have used BLAST extensively for sequence alignment and am very comfortable with both its command-line and web interface.
- R and Bioconductor: My proficiency with R for statistical analysis is advanced, and I have used various packages from Bioconductor for omics data analysis.
- Python and Biopython: I have a strong programming background in Python and regularly use the Biopython library for scripting custom analyses and managing bioinformatics workflows.
- Galaxy: I am familiar with Galaxy for workflow management and have used it to teach others about bioinformatics processes.
Q22. How do you approach making a tough decision in a project? (Decision Making)
How to Answer:
When discussing your approach to decision-making, emphasize your analytical skills, use of data, stakeholder engagement, and awareness of project goals. You can also mention any frameworks or strategies you use to structure your decision-making process.
Example Answer:
I approach tough decisions in projects by first thoroughly understanding all aspects of the problem. I gather all necessary data and perform an analysis to understand the potential impact of each decision. I also consider the project goals and how the decision aligns with the strategic objectives. If the decision affects various stakeholders, I make sure to involve them in the discussion to get their perspectives and address any concerns. Lastly, I evaluate the risks associated with each option and prepare mitigation strategies before making an informed decision.
Q23. What experience do you have with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Good Laboratory Practices (GLP)? (Quality Assurance)
How to Answer:
Discuss your understanding and experience with GMP and GLP, highlighting any specific roles or projects where you ensured compliance with these standards. Mention any training or certifications you’ve received and how you’ve applied these practices to maintain quality and integrity in a lab or manufacturing setting.
Example Answer:
Throughout my career, I have gained substantial experience with both Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Good Laboratory Practices (GLP). Below is a table that summarizes my involvement with each:
Standard | Experience |
---|---|
GMP | Worked in a pharmaceutical manufacturing environment ensuring all processes and documentation met GMP standards. Participated in audits and assisted in updating SOPs to maintain compliance. |
GLP | Managed a research lab where GLP principles were followed for nonclinical study conduct, ensuring the reliability and integrity of data. Trained new employees on GLP requirements. |
Q24. Can you give an example of how you’ve worked with cross-functional teams? (Interdisciplinary Collaboration)
How to Answer:
Provide a specific example that illustrates your ability to collaborate with individuals from different functional areas. Discuss any challenges you faced, how you communicated with team members, and the outcome of the collaboration.
Example Answer:
At my previous job, I was part of a cross-functional team that included members from R&D, regulatory affairs, and marketing. We were tasked with developing a new molecular diagnostic test. My role was to provide bioinformatics support and liaise with the R&D team to integrate their findings into a user-friendly format for regulatory submission. Communication was key in this project, and I held regular meetings with each department to ensure alignment. The collaboration was successful, resulting in a product that received FDA approval six months ahead of schedule.
Q25. How would you explain the importance of drug safety monitoring to someone without a scientific background? (Patient Safety & Education)
How to Answer:
When explaining technical concepts to a lay audience, use simple language, analogies, and real-world examples. Focus on why drug safety monitoring is crucial for patient protection and public health.
Example Answer:
Drug safety monitoring is like having a lifeguard at the beach. Just as the lifeguard watches over swimmers to keep them safe and jumps in to help if there’s a problem, drug safety monitoring involves keeping an eye on medications after they’ve been released to the public. This process ensures that any unforeseen issues are caught early, similar to how a lifeguard spots someone struggling before things get worse. It’s essential to make sure that medicines continue to be safe and effective for everyone who relies on them.
4. Tips for Preparation
Before stepping into the Genentech interview, it’s crucial to have a deep understanding of the company’s history, culture, and product pipeline. Review their latest research, press releases, and any relevant industry trends that may impact the company.
Familiarize yourself with common lab techniques, regulatory standards, and project management tools pertinent to the role you’re applying for. Brush up on your soft skills, especially communication, teamwork, and problem-solving, as these are often explored through behavioral questions.
5. During & After the Interview
During the interview, be authentic and succinct in your responses, showcasing how your experience aligns with Genentech’s values and mission. Interviewers look for candidates who can articulate their thought process clearly and demonstrate a strong sense of ethics and teamwork.
Avoid common mistakes like speaking negatively about past employers or appearing disinterested. Instead, be engaged and prepare thoughtful questions about the company’s strategies, team dynamics, or growth opportunities.
Post-interview, send a personalized thank-you email to express your gratitude for the opportunity and to reiterate your interest in the role. Generally, companies will inform you about the next steps and when to expect feedback. If you don’t hear back within the mentioned timeframe, it’s appropriate to follow up.