1. Introduction
When preparing for a job interview for the role of a sales associate, it’s crucial to anticipate the types of sales associate interview questions that hiring managers might ask. From gauging your experience in customer service to assessing your sales methodology, these questions aim to uncover your suitability for the role. This article will help you prepare thoughtful and compelling answers that will impress your potential employers.
Sales Associate Role Insights
Understanding the intricacies of the sales associate position is key to providing relevant and impactful answers during your interview. Sales associates are at the heart of retail operations, serving as the bridge between customers and the products or services a company offers. They are expected to possess a blend of customer service skills, product knowledge, sales acumen, and the ability to work collaboratively with a team. It’s essential to convey not just your past achievements, but also how you embody the qualities of a successful sales associate—empathy, resilience, and the continual pursuit of sales excellence. Remember, conveying your understanding and enthusiasm for the role is just as important as showcasing your experience.
3. Sales Associate Interview Questions
1. Can you describe your previous experience in sales or customer service? (Experience & Background)
How to Answer:
When answering this question, highlight your past experiences that are relevant to the role of a sales associate. Discuss the responsibilities you held, the skills you developed, and the achievements you made. Be specific about how your experience will benefit the company you are interviewing with.
Example Answer:
In my previous role at Store ABC, I worked as a sales representative for two years. During this time, my main responsibilities included:
- Assisting customers in finding products that meet their needs
- Providing detailed information and advice on various products
- Handling cash registers and processing transactions
- Maintaining a clean and organized store environment
- Meeting and exceeding monthly sales targets consistently
I developed strong interpersonal skills by interacting with a diverse customer base, and I learned how to effectively close sales while ensuring customer satisfaction. My experience has taught me the importance of product knowledge, customer service excellence, and teamwork within a retail environment.
2. Why do you want to work as a sales associate for our company? (Company Fit & Motivation)
How to Answer:
Express your knowledge and enthusiasm for the company, its products, and its culture. Explain what attracted you to the position and how your skills and values align with the company’s mission and goals.
Example Answer:
I am eager to work as a sales associate for your company due to its outstanding reputation for quality products and exceptional customer service. I admire your commitment to sustainability and the way your brand empowers customers to make environmentally conscious choices. I believe my passion for ethical retail practices, along with my sales experience, makes me a great fit for your team. I am motivated by the opportunity to contribute to a company that aligns with my personal values, and I am excited to share my enthusiasm for your products with your customers.
3. How would you approach a customer who is browsing but seems hesitant to speak to you? (Customer Engagement & Service Skills)
How to Answer:
Demonstrate your ability to engage with customers respectfully and effectively. Show that you understand the importance of reading body language, offering assistance without being pushy, and creating a comfortable environment for the customer.
Example Answer:
When approaching a customer who seems hesitant, I would first give them space to browse and ensure I am available without crowding them. I would then approach them with a friendly and open demeanor, saying something like:
"Hi there, I see you’re interested in our selection of jackets. We have some great new styles that just came in. If you have any questions or need a different size, I’m here to help."
This approach is non-invasive yet informative, making the customer feel supported without any pressure.
4. What do you consider the most important qualities in a successful sales associate? (Self-awareness & Understanding of Role)
How to Answer:
Outline the key attributes that contribute to a sales associate’s success. Reflect on your understanding of the role and how these qualities impact customer experience and sales outcomes.
Example Answer:
The most important qualities in a successful sales associate include:
- Excellent Communication Skills: Being able to clearly convey product information and answer customer questions effectively.
- Adaptability: Quickly adjusting to new products, promotions, and changes in the retail environment.
- Empathy: Understanding customer needs and concerns to provide personalized assistance.
- Energy and Enthusiasm: Maintaining a positive attitude that is contagious and enhances the customer experience.
- Sales Acumen: Understanding sales strategies and techniques to meet or exceed sales targets.
These qualities ensure that a sales associate can not only sell products but also provide memorable customer service that encourages repeat business.
5. Can you provide an example of a time you met or exceeded a sales target? (Achievement & Result Orientation)
How to Answer:
Discuss a specific instance where you achieved a notable sales goal. Focus on the actions you took, the strategies you employed, and the results of your efforts.
Example Answer:
Absolutely, I recall in my previous job at Tech Gadgets Store, we had a monthly target to sell 50 units of a new smartphone model. I exceeded this target by selling 70 units. Here’s how I achieved it:
Strategy | Action | Result |
---|---|---|
Product Expertise | I ensured I fully understood the smartphone’s features and could compare it to other models. | Customers trusted my recommendations and felt confident in their purchase. |
Personalized Sales Pitches | I tailored my sales approach to individual customer needs and interests. | This led to more engaging conversations and increased customer satisfaction. |
Upselling Accessories | I suggested compatible accessories as complementary products. | Many customers purchased additional items, increasing the overall sale value. |
By utilizing these strategies, not only did I meet the sales target, but I also helped to boost the store’s overall sales figures for that month.
6. How do you handle rejection or a customer saying ‘no’? (Resilience & Problem-Solving)
How to Answer
When answering this question, it’s important to demonstrate your resilience and ability to remain professional when faced with rejection. Employers are looking for sales associates who can handle objections gracefully and turn potential negatives into positives without becoming discouraged. Discuss specific strategies you use to overcome rejection and how you use these experiences as opportunities to learn and improve.
Example Answer
In my previous sales roles, I have learned that rejection is a natural part of the sales process. Whenever a customer says ‘no’, I handle it by:
- Maintaining a positive attitude: I stay polite and professional, thanking the customer for their time.
- Asking for feedback: I often ask if there’s a specific reason for their decision. This can provide valuable insights that I can use to improve my approach in the future.
- Focusing on solutions: If the rejection is due to a specific concern, I try to address it if possible, offering alternative solutions.
- Moving forward: I don’t dwell on the rejection; instead, I use it as a motivation to improve and focus on the next opportunity.
- Reflecting and learning: I reflect on each rejection to see if there are any patterns or lessons to be learned, which helps me refine my sales techniques.
7. Could you tell us about a particularly challenging sale you closed and how you achieved it? (Persistence & Sales Skills)
How to Answer
To effectively answer this question, you should share a specific anecdote that highlights your persistence, sales skills, and the ability to navigate complex sales scenarios. Describe the challenge, the actions you took to overcome it, and the result of your efforts. Be sure to emphasize the strategies and skills you used to close the sale.
Example Answer
One of the most challenging sales I closed was with a client who was initially very hesitant and skeptical about our product’s capabilities. Here’s how I achieved it:
- Building rapport: I spent time learning about the client’s needs and building a relationship based on trust.
- Addressing concerns: The client had concerns about the product fitting into their existing system, so I coordinated a detailed demonstration and provided testimonials from similar use cases.
- Persistence: I maintained regular contact, providing additional information and answering any new questions that arose.
- Adaptability: I adapted my sales approach based on the client’s feedback, focusing on the ROI and long-term benefits.
- Closing the deal: After several discussions and addressing all concerns, I was able to close the sale by highlighting the product’s unique value proposition that resonated with the client’s goals.
8. How do you stay updated with the product knowledge and current trends in the market? (Product Knowledge & Continuous Learning)
How to Answer
For this question, you should demonstrate your commitment to continuous learning and staying informed about the products you sell and the market you operate in. Discuss the resources you use and the strategies you employ to keep your knowledge current.
Example Answer
To stay updated with product knowledge and current market trends, I employ several strategies:
- Regular training: I participate in any available product training sessions offered by my employer.
- Industry news: I subscribe to industry newsletters and magazines to keep abreast of broader market trends.
- Networking: I engage with peers and attend industry conferences to exchange knowledge and learn from others.
- Feedback loop: I collect feedback from customers to understand their perception of the products and what they’re looking for.
- Online courses and webinars: I take advantage of online learning platforms to stay up-to-date with new sales techniques and industry developments.
9. Describe a time when you had to deal with a difficult customer and how you handled it. (Customer Service & Conflict Resolution)
How to Answer
When answering this question, be sure to convey your customer service and conflict resolution skills. Share a specific story where you successfully navigated a challenging situation with a customer. Demonstrate your ability to listen, empathize, and find a satisfactory resolution.
Example Answer
I remember dealing with a customer who was frustrated due to a misunderstanding about a product’s features. Here’s how I handled the situation:
- Listening: I let the customer express their concerns without interrupting, showing that I was listening and taking their issue seriously.
- Empathizing: I acknowledged their frustration and apologized for the misunderstanding, even though it was a result of miscommunication.
- Problem-solving: I explained the product features in detail and offered additional support to help them utilize the product effectively.
- Following up: After resolving the issue, I followed up with the customer to ensure their satisfaction and to rebuild trust.
10. What strategies would you use to contribute to our team’s sales goals? (Teamwork & Strategy)
How to Answer
Discuss specific strategies and tactics you would employ to meet and exceed sales goals, demonstrating your understanding of teamwork and effective sales techniques. Mention how you would collaborate with others and the initiatives you would take to contribute positively to the team’s objectives.
Example Answer
To contribute to the team’s sales goals, I would implement the following strategies:
- Leveraging strengths: Understand each team member’s strengths and collaborate to maximize our collective performance.
- Sharing best practices: Regularly exchange successful sales tactics with the team.
- Customer segmentation: Identify and focus efforts on high-potential customer segments to optimize conversion rates.
- Setting personal goals: Set personal sales targets in alignment with team goals to ensure I’m contributing effectively.
- Continuous improvement: Seek feedback and continuously refine my sales approach to improve results.
Strategy | How it Contributes to Team Goals |
---|---|
Team collaboration | Amplifies individual strengths |
Best practice sharing | Raises overall team performance |
Customer segmentation | Targets effort for higher conversion |
Personal goal setting | Ensures accountability and focus |
Continuous improvement | Drives incremental gains over time |
11. How comfortable are you with upselling or cross-selling, and can you give an example of how you’ve done this in the past? (Sales Technique & Confidence)
How to Answer
When answering this question, you should demonstrate your understanding of upselling and cross-selling techniques and express confidence in your ability to execute these strategies effectively. Be specific about your past experiences and how you identified opportunities to upsell or cross-sell, showing your proactive approach and customer engagement skills.
Example Answer
I am very comfortable with both upselling and cross-selling, as these strategies have been integral parts of my sales approach in past roles. For instance, when I worked at a shoe store, I would always pay attention to the customer’s needs and preferences to identify suitable opportunities for upselling. If a customer was buying running shoes, I would suggest high-performance socks or a shoe-care kit, emphasizing how these products would enhance their experience and protect their investment.
In terms of cross-selling, I made it a habit to understand related products in adjacent categories. For example, if someone was purchasing a laptop, I would cross-sell a laptop bag or an extended warranty service. I would explain the benefits and the value of having a complete solution for their needs. My success in upselling and cross-selling significantly contributed to my store’s targets and customer satisfaction rates.
12. In your opinion, what is the key to developing a good team dynamic in a retail environment? (Team Dynamics & Leadership)
How to Answer
Discuss the importance of effective communication, a collaborative mindset, and a supportive atmosphere in creating a positive team dynamic. Reflect on leadership qualities and the role they play in fostering a cohesive team environment. Feel free to draw on your own experiences and observations.
Example Answer
I believe the key to developing a good team dynamic in a retail environment lies in fostering open communication, mutual respect, and collaboration among team members. Leadership plays a critical role in establishing these values. As a leader, it is crucial to lead by example, be approachable, and encourage team members to share their ideas and concerns.
Here are some elements that contribute to a positive team dynamic:
- Clear Goals: Everyone should be aware of the team objectives and their role in achieving them.
- Role Clarity: Team members are more effective when they understand their responsibilities.
- Regular Feedback: Constructive feedback helps individuals grow and improve their performance.
- Recognition: Acknowledging individual and team achievements boosts morale and motivation.
- Team Building Activities: These can strengthen relationships and improve collaboration.
Creating an environment where team members feel valued and know that their contributions matter leads to higher engagement and productivity. Regular team meetings and team-building activities can also help in understanding each other’s strengths and working styles, which enhances teamwork.
13. How do you prioritize tasks during a busy shift? (Time Management & Prioritization)
How to Answer
When discussing how you prioritize tasks, highlight your ability to assess the urgency and importance of different tasks. Explain your method for organizing your workload to ensure efficiency and customer satisfaction.
Example Answer
During a busy shift, my first step is to quickly assess the situation and categorize tasks based on urgency and impact. Here is how I typically prioritize:
- Immediate Customer Needs: Attending to customers who are ready to make a purchase or need assistance.
- Safety Concerns: Ensuring the store is safe and secure for both customers and staff.
- Operational Tasks: Restocking items or addressing any disruptions that could impact sales.
- Administrative Duties: Completing paperwork or other tasks that can be done during quieter moments.
I also use a technique called ‘triage,’ where I identify which tasks must be done right away, which ones can wait until later in the shift, and which ones can be delegated. Remaining flexible and adaptable is key because priorities can change quickly in a retail environment.
14. Describe a time when you received negative feedback from a supervisor and how you responded to it. (Receptivity to Feedback & Personal Development)
How to Answer
Talk about a specific instance where you constructively handled criticism. Emphasize your openness to learn from the feedback and your commitment to personal and professional growth.
Example Answer
At my previous job, I once received negative feedback from my supervisor regarding my handling of a difficult customer situation. The supervisor felt that I had not been proactive enough in resolving the customer’s complaint.
How I responded:
- Listened Carefully: I made sure to listen without interrupting to fully understand the critique.
- Sought Clarification: I asked questions to ensure I grasped the specifics of where I could improve.
- Acknowledged the Issue: I recognized where my approach had fallen short and expressed my commitment to doing better.
- Took Action: I actively worked on my customer service strategies, including role-playing exercises with colleagues to practice handling similar situations.
- Followed Up: After implementing the changes, I asked for feedback to ensure I was on the right track.
This experience taught me to view feedback as an opportunity to learn and improve, and my supervisor later commended me for my positive response and noticeable improvement.
15. How would you handle an unexpected rush of customers while short-staffed? (Adaptability & Crisis Management)
How to Answer
When facing a challenging situation like an unexpected customer rush, show that you can remain calm, prioritize tasks, and efficiently manage resources. Describe clear steps you would take to maintain control and provide excellent customer service even when short-staffed.
Example Answer
Handling an unexpected rush of customers while short-staffed requires quick thinking and adaptability. Here is how I would approach such a situation:
- Stay Calm: Keeping a level head is crucial to think clearly and lead effectively.
- Prioritize Tasks: Focus on the most critical tasks first, like attending to customers in line or those needing immediate assistance.
- Delegate: Assign clear roles to the available staff members, ensuring that everyone is productive and focused.
- Communicate: Keep customers informed about wait times and apologize for any inconvenience.
- Efficiency: Streamline processes wherever possible, such as setting up a quick-checkout system for fast transactions.
- Follow-Up: After the rush, evaluate what happened and how the team can be better prepared for future occurrences.
By following these steps, I aim to manage the situation effectively, keeping customer satisfaction a top priority while ensuring that my team is not overwhelmed.
16. Have you ever had to learn about a new product or service quickly? How did you manage that? (Learning Agility & Product Familiarity)
How to Answer:
When answering this question, you want to show that you are adaptable, a quick learner, and committed to continuous improvement. Discuss the methods you use to learn quickly, such as seeking information, asking questions, utilizing resources, or hands-on practice. Highlight your ability to synthesize information and apply it effectively.
Example Answer:
Yes, I have had to learn about new products or services quickly in previous roles. I managed that by:
- Doing thorough research: I would study all available materials such as product manuals, customer reviews, and competitor comparisons.
- Asking questions: I reached out to more experienced colleagues or product managers for insights.
- Hands-on practice: I believe in learning by doing, so I would use the product or engage with the service to get firsthand experience.
- Role-playing: I practiced explaining the product or service to a colleague or friend, which helped me to solidify my knowledge and prepare for real customer interactions.
17. Can you walk us through how you would close a sale with a customer from greeting to finalizing the purchase? (Sales Process & Closing Skills)
How to Answer:
Describe the steps you take from the initial contact with a customer to closing the sale. Showcase your interpersonal skills, product knowledge, sales techniques, and the ability to handle objections. Be sure to emphasize your customer-focused approach and your attention to detail during the sales process.
Example Answer:
Certainly, here’s how I would close a sale:
- Greet the customer: Start with a warm and friendly greeting to make the customer feel welcome and at ease.
- Assess needs: Ask open-ended questions to understand the customer’s needs, preferences, and budget.
- Present options: Based on their needs, present the most suitable products or services, highlighting features and benefits.
- Handle objections: Address any concerns or objections in a positive, reassuring manner, emphasizing the value the product or service provides.
- Close the sale: Once the customer is satisfied with the choice, I would guide them through the purchasing process, offering any additional items that complement their purchase.
- Finalize the purchase: Ensure that the payment is processed correctly and the customer receives everything they need, such as warranties or instructions.
- Thank the customer: End the interaction with a sincere thank you, inviting them to come back and offering assistance for any future needs.
18. How do you ensure that the customer has a positive shopping experience? (Customer Satisfaction & Loyalty)
How to Answer:
Discuss specific strategies you employ to create a welcoming environment and provide excellent service. Mention any personalized attention or additional steps you take to exceed customer expectations. Emphasize how you measure customer satisfaction and the importance of building loyalty.
Example Answer:
I ensure a positive shopping experience by:
- Providing personalized service: I listen attentively to the customer’s needs and tailor my approach accordingly.
- Product knowledge: I stay informed about the products I’m selling to give accurate and helpful advice.
- Efficiency: I respect the customer’s time by being prompt and efficient in every interaction.
- Follow-up: After the purchase, I follow up to make sure they are satisfied and address any issues they may have encountered.
- Creating a positive atmosphere: I maintain a positive attitude and create an inviting store environment.
19. If you noticed a fellow associate was not following store policies, what would you do? (Integrity & Ethical Judgment)
How to Answer:
Explain how you would handle the situation with professionalism and integrity. Discuss the importance of compliance with store policies and your approach to addressing potential issues with colleagues. Include the steps you would take if the situation does not resolve after your intervention.
Example Answer:
If I noticed a fellow associate not following store policies, I would:
- Address it directly: Speak privately with the associate to understand the situation and remind them of the correct procedures.
- Lead by example: Demonstrate the importance of adhering to policies through my actions.
- Escalate if necessary: If the behavior continues, I would report the issue to a supervisor or manager to handle according to company protocol.
20. How do you balance attentive customer service with the need to achieve sales targets? (Balanced Performance & Customer Focus)
How to Answer:
Discuss your ability to multi-task and prioritize, while always keeping the customer’s experience in the forefront. Describe how you use time management, goal setting, and a proactive approach to ensure you meet both service and sales objectives.
Example Answer:
I balance attentive customer service with the need to achieve sales targets by:
- Setting personal goals: I set daily or weekly goals that align with the store’s targets.
- Prioritizing tasks: I focus on high-impact activities that enhance customer service and contribute to sales.
- Time management: I manage my time effectively to ensure I can attend to customers while also performing other duties that support sales targets.
- Cross-selling and up-selling: When appropriate, I suggest additional products that complement the customer’s initial choice, which enhances their experience and helps meet sales targets.
Task | Customer Service Impact | Sales Target Contribution |
---|---|---|
Greeting customers | High | Medium |
Product demonstrations | High | High |
Handling customer inquiries | High | Medium |
Suggesting add-ons or alternatives | Medium | High |
Following up on sales | Medium | Medium |
Organizing displays | Low | Medium |
This table helps me visualize and prioritize tasks based on their impact on both customer service and sales targets.
21. What do you think is more important: meeting sales quotas or customer satisfaction? (Values & Business Understanding)
How to Answer:
In answering this question, it’s important to recognize that both sales quotas and customer satisfaction are integral to the success of a business. You’ll want to demonstrate an understanding that while sales quotas are a measure of success, customer satisfaction is a long-term business driver. Employers are looking for candidates who balance the need to meet targets with the understanding that customer satisfaction leads to repeat business and positive word-of-mouth.
Example Answer:
Meeting sales quotas and ensuring customer satisfaction are both crucial, but I believe that customer satisfaction should be the priority. Satisfied customers are more likely to become repeat buyers and can become brand ambassadors, promoting the business through positive reviews and referrals. In the long run, this leads to sustainable business growth. However, I also recognize the importance of meeting sales quotas as they are indicative of the business’s health and success. My approach is to meet sales quotas by focusing on delivering value to the customer, thus ensuring both objectives support each other.
22. How do you stay motivated during slower sales periods? (Self-Motivation & Positivity)
How to Answer:
Describe the strategies you use to keep a positive mindset and maintain productivity even when sales are slow. This might include setting personal goals, seeking out training opportunities, or working on relationships with potential clients.
Example Answer:
During slower sales periods, I stay motivated by setting personal goals and focusing on activities that lay the groundwork for future success. This includes:
- Strengthening Relationships: I take the time to build stronger relationships with existing clients through follow-up communications and by providing additional value.
- Prospecting: I use the opportunity to identify and reach out to potential new clients.
- Skill Improvement: I invest time in training and workshops to improve my sales techniques and product knowledge.
- Organization: I organize my client database, follow up on leads, and plan future sales strategies.
23. Can you give an example of a time when you had to work with a team to solve a problem? (Collaboration & Problem-Solving)
How to Answer:
When answering this question, provide a clear and concise example that highlights your ability to collaborate effectively and contribute to solving a problem. Emphasize how communication, teamwork, and a shared goal were important in the resolution process.
Example Answer:
At my previous job, our sales team was facing an issue with a high volume of customer service calls which was impacting our ability to focus on sales. As a team, we worked together to identify the root causes and brainstorm solutions. We developed a structured FAQ document and trained a dedicated customer service team to address common questions. Through effective collaboration and problem-solving, we reduced the volume of calls to the sales team by 40% within two months, allowing us to refocus on our primary sales goals.
24. What do you do to ensure that your personal sales approach is ethical and customer-centered? (Ethics & Customer-Centric Approach)
How to Answer:
Discuss the principles and practices that guide your sales approach, ensuring that ethics and customer interests are at the forefront. This might include transparency, product knowledge, and a commitment to understanding the customer’s needs.
Example Answer:
To ensure my sales approach is ethical and customer-centered, I adhere to the following principles:
- Transparency: I always provide honest and clear information about our products and services, including any limitations.
- Listening: I take the time to understand the customer’s needs and concerns before recommending a solution.
- Education: I keep myself informed about the products I’m selling to ensure I can answer questions and provide accurate information.
- Respect: I respect the customer’s decision-making process and never pressure them into a sale.
25. How would you handle a situation where a product is out of stock but a customer wants to buy it? (Inventory Issues & Alternative Solutions)
How to Answer:
Your answer should show that you can handle inventory issues professionally while still providing excellent customer service. Explain the steps you would take to address the customer’s needs and provide alternative solutions.
Example Answer:
If a product is out of stock, I would take the following steps to ensure customer satisfaction:
- Apologize and Empathize: Firstly, I would apologize for any inconvenience and express understanding of their situation.
- Provide Accurate Information: I would inform the customer about when the product is expected to be back in stock.
- Offer Alternatives: If possible, I would suggest similar products that could meet their needs.
- Order and Follow-Up: I would offer to place the product on backorder for them and keep them updated on its status.
- Personal Touch: If the product is critical for the customer, I would check with other branches or recommend a reputable competitor who has it in stock, ensuring the customer feels taken care of.
Action Step | Description |
---|---|
Apologize | Show understanding for their inconvenience. |
Inform | Provide details about restock timing. |
Suggest Alternatives | Offer other products that could meet their needs. |
Backorder | Offer to order the product for them and follow up. |
Go the Extra Mile | If necessary, refer them to other sources for the product. |
4. Tips for Preparation
Before your interview, take the time to research the company’s products, culture, and market position. Familiarity with these areas will inform your responses and show genuine interest. Next, brush up on your sales methodologies and product knowledge. Reflect on past experiences where you’ve demonstrated key sales competencies such as customer service, conflict resolution, and teamwork. Prepare stories that highlight your achievements and learning moments in these areas.
Practice your communication skills, as clarity and persuasion are vital. Sales associates must be approachable and articulate, so consider role-playing with a friend to simulate the interview. Finally, review the job description closely, ensuring you can speak to how your skills and experience align with the role’s requirements.
5. During & After the Interview
Present yourself professionally and confidently during the interview. Be prepared to discuss your experiences with specific examples that showcase your skills. Listen carefully to the interviewer’s questions and answer succinctly, ensuring you address their core concerns. Avoid common pitfalls such as speaking negatively about previous employers or appearing disinterested.
After your responses, have a set of insightful questions ready for the interviewer, such as inquiries about team dynamics or growth opportunities within the company. This demonstrates your proactive mindset and interest in the role. Post-interview, send a personalized thank-you email to express your appreciation for the opportunity to interview and reiterate your interest in the position. It’s appropriate to ask for a timeline regarding the hiring process, but avoid appearing impatient. Follow their lead and wait for them to provide feedback or next steps.