Table of Contents

1. Introduction

Diving into the world of API testing can be a challenging yet rewarding endeavor, especially when armed with the right tools. Rest assured interview questions form a critical component of any API testing interview, as they test a candidate’s expertise with the REST Assured framework. This article aims to guide aspiring API testers through the most common and insightful inquiries they may encounter, ensuring they are well-prepared to articulate their knowledge and practical skills with REST Assured.

2. Mastering API Testing with REST Assured

Futuristic keyboard with API Testing text and REST Assured in neon blue holographic display

REST Assured has become the go-to framework for testing RESTful APIs due to its seamless integration with the Java language and its support for Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) syntax. Candidates seeking to prove their prowess in API testing are often evaluated on their ability to leverage REST Assured’s features. Proficiency in this tool indicates a strong understanding of API interactions, test automation principles, and the ability to write comprehensive, maintainable test suites. As such, a thorough grasp of REST Assured’s capabilities is indispensable for roles that involve ensuring the reliability and performance of web services.

3. Rest Assured Interview Questions

1. Can you explain what REST Assured is and why it’s used in API testing? (API Testing & REST Assured Framework Knowledge)

REST Assured is a Java library that provides a domain-specific language (DSL) to write powerful, maintainable tests for RESTful APIs. It simplifies the process of testing and validating the responses from RESTful services and is widely used because it integrates seamlessly with existing Java-based testing frameworks like JUnit or TestNG.

REST Assured is used in API testing for several reasons:

  • Readability: It uses Given/When/Then syntax, which makes the test code very readable and easy to understand.
  • Simplicity: It simplifies sending HTTP requests and handling responses, reducing the boilerplate code.
  • Flexibility: It supports various types of HTTP requests and can handle parameters, headers, cookies, and body easily.
  • Integration: It integrates well with other Java-based tools and libraries.
  • Authentication: It supports different authentication mechanisms like OAuth, Basic Auth, Digest, etc.
  • Response Validation: It offers a variety of methods to assert the response data.

2. How do you perform a GET request using REST Assured? (REST Assured Implementation & API Testing)

To perform a GET request using REST Assured, you would use the given, when, and then syntax provided by the framework. This makes the test easy to read and write. Here’s an example of how to perform a GET request:

import static io.restassured.RestAssured.*;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.*;

given()
    .baseUri("https://api.example.com")
    .basePath("/items")
    .param("key", "value")
.when()
    .get()
.then()
    .statusCode(200)
    .body("items.size()", greaterThan(0));

In this snippet:

  • given() is where you prepare the request.
  • when() is where you specify the HTTP method and trigger the request.
  • then() is where you assert the response.

3. Describe the significance of using BDD keywords like given, when, and then in REST Assured. (Behavior-Driven Development & REST Assured Syntax)

The BDD keywords given, when, and then play a significant role in REST Assured, as they help to structure the tests in a way that is both readable and expressive, closely aligning with the natural language descriptions of features in Behavior-Driven Development (BDD).

  • given: This keyword is used to describe the initial context of the test case, including setting up request headers, body, authentication, and query parameters.
  • when: This keyword specifies the action, mainly the HTTP request method to be invoked (e.g., GET, POST, PUT, DELETE).
  • then: This keyword is used to describe the expected outcome, where assertions are made to validate the response of the request.

This syntax helps in understanding the purpose of the test and what it is intended to validate, making it easier for developers, testers, and even non-technical stakeholders to engage with the test code.

4. In REST Assured, how do you validate the response status code? (Response Validation & API Testing)

To validate the response status code in REST Assured, you would use the statusCode() method within the then() clause of your test. Here’s a simple example:

import static io.restassured.RestAssured.*;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.*;

get("/someEndpoint").then().statusCode(200);

This example checks that the status code returned by the GET request to /someEndpoint is 200 OK. The statusCode() method can be combined with other assertions to validate different aspects of the response.

5. What methods are available in REST Assured to extract data from the response? (Data Extraction & API Testing)

REST Assured provides several methods to extract data from the response for validation or to use it in subsequent requests. Here are some of the methods available:

  • jsonPath(): This method allows for easy extraction of values from a JSON response.
  • xmlPath(): Similar to jsonPath(), but for XML responses.
  • path(): A more generic method that can be used for both XML and JSON responses.
  • extract(): This method can be used at the end of the chain to extract response details after validation.

Here is an example using a JSONPath extractor:

import static io.restassured.RestAssured.*;

String value = get("/someEndpoint")
    .then()
    .extract()
    .jsonPath()
    .getString("someKey");

This code snippet extracts the value associated with someKey from the JSON response.

6. How would you handle path parameters in a REST Assured test case? (Parameter Handling & API Testing)

When working with APIs, path parameters are used to identify a specific resource or a group of resources. In REST Assured, handling path parameters is straightforward and can be done using the pathParam method or by passing a map of parameters to the pathParams method. Here’s how to do it:

Example Code Snippet:

RestAssured.baseURI = "https://api.example.com";
given().pathParam("userId", "1234")
       .when().get("/users/{userId}")
       .then().statusCode(200);

In this snippet, the pathParam method is used to set the value "1234" for the path parameter "userId". The {userId} in the get method’s path will be replaced by this value when the request is made.

Alternatively, if you have multiple path parameters, you can use:

Map<String, Object> params = new HashMap<>();
params.put("userId", "1234");
params.put("postId", "5678");

given().pathParams(params)
       .when().get("/users/{userId}/posts/{postId}")
       .then().statusCode(200);

Here, the pathParams method accepts a map of parameters which makes it convenient when dealing with multiple parameters.

7. Can you demonstrate how to test JSON and XML responses using REST Assured? (Response Type Handling & API Testing)

Testing JSON and XML responses with REST Assured is a common task, and it’s essential to know how to extract and assert certain values from these responses.

JSON Example Code Snippet:

given().when().get("/someEndpoint")
       .then().assertThat()
       .body("someJsonPath", equalTo("expectedValue"));

In this example, .body("someJsonPath", equalTo("expectedValue")) is used to assert that the value extracted from the JSON path someJsonPath is equal to expectedValue.

XML Example Code Snippet:

given().when().get("/someEndpoint")
       .then().assertThat()
       .body("someXPath", equalTo("expectedValue"));

For XML responses, the approach is similar, but you use XPath expressions to navigate through the XML content.

8. What is the importance of the ContentType enum in REST Assured? (Content Type Handling & API Testing)

The ContentType enum in REST Assured plays a crucial role in specifying the content type of the request and response. It is used to set the Content-Type header for the requests you’re sending and to validate the Content-Type header of the responses you receive. This is important for ensuring that the server understands the format of the data you’re sending and for confirming that the response is in the format you expect.

Example Table:

ContentType enum Corresponding MIME type
JSON application/json
XML application/xml
HTML text/html
TEXT text/plain

To use a ContentType enum in a test, you might do the following:

given().contentType(ContentType.JSON)
       .body(someJsonObject)
       .when().post("/someEndpoint")
       .then().contentType(ContentType.JSON);

Here, ContentType.JSON is used to set the Content-Type header to application/json for both the request and the response.

9. How can REST Assured be integrated with testing frameworks like TestNG or JUnit? (Integration & Framework Knowledge)

REST Assured can be easily integrated with testing frameworks such as TestNG or JUnit to create robust API test suites. You would typically use REST Assured within the test methods provided by these frameworks.

Example Integration with TestNG:

public class APITest {
    @Test
    public void testStatusCode() {
        given().when().get("/someEndpoint")
               .then().assertThat().statusCode(200);
    }
}

In this example, a TestNG @Test annotation is used to denote a test method. REST Assured is used within this method to perform the API call and assertions.

Example Integration with JUnit:

public class APITest {
    @Test
    public void testStatusCode() {
        RestAssured.when().get("/someEndpoint")
                   .then().assertThat().statusCode(200);
    }
}

With JUnit, the process is similar. You use the @Test annotation from JUnit to indicate a test method. Rest Assured is then used to perform the API call and assertions within that method.

10. Explain how to use Hamcrest matchers for assertion in REST Assured. (Assertion Techniques & REST Assured Integration)

Hamcrest matchers provide a powerful way to assert conditions in a declarative and readable style. When used with REST Assured, they allow you to write expressive and concise tests.

How to Answer:
When answering this question, make sure to communicate the flexibility and readability that Hamcrest matchers provide. Highlight how they can be used to assert the state of an object, the contents of a collection, or the value of an API response.

Example Answer:
In REST Assured, you can use Hamcrest matchers in conjunction with the .body method to assert conditions on the response body.

Example Code Snippet:

import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.*;

given().when().get("/someEndpoint")
       .then().assertThat()
       .body("someJsonPath", equalTo("expectedValue"))
       .body("anotherJsonPath", hasItem("expectedItem"))
       .body("yetAnotherJsonPath.size()", is(3));

In this example, the equalTo, hasItem, and is matchers from Hamcrest are used to assert that:

  • The value at someJsonPath is "expectedValue".
  • The collection at anotherJsonPath contains "expectedItem".
  • The size of the collection at yetAnotherJsonPath is 3.

These kinds of assertions make the tests more readable and allow you to precisely define the expected outcome of your API calls.

11. What are the common challenges you may face while using REST Assured and how do you overcome them? (Problem-solving & API Testing)

When using REST Assured for API testing, several challenges might arise. Here are some common ones and strategies to overcome them:

  • Complex JSON or XML Responses: Handling large and complex JSON or XML responses can be challenging. To deal with this, you can use REST Assured’s built-in support for JSONPath and XmlPath that allows for easy extraction and validation of data from the response.

  • Dynamic Data: Testing with APIs that return dynamic data can make it hard to assert the responses. Using matchers that focus on the structure rather than the exact values can be helpful. Additionally, you can focus on status codes or the presence of key fields instead of their values.

  • Authentication and Authorization: Protected endpoints require proper handling of authentication and authorization. REST Assured provides mechanisms to handle various types of authentication like basic, OAuth, and OAuth2 out of the box.

  • Logging and Debugging: When things go wrong, it’s crucial to have detailed logs to understand the issue. REST Assured can be configured to log request and response details which aid in debugging.

  • Performance: REST Assured might not be the best tool for performance testing as it is designed for API functional testing. If you need to perform load testing, consider using a tool like Apache JMeter, and use REST Assured for functional verification.

  • Integration with Test Frameworks: Sometimes integrating with test frameworks like TestNG or JUnit can be challenging. However, REST Assured works well with these frameworks and there is plenty of documentation available to guide you through the integration process.

How to Answer:
When answering this question, it’s important to acknowledge that while REST Assured is a powerful tool, like any software, it does have its challenges. Discuss the challenges realistically and provide practical solutions or workarounds for each.

Example Answer:
In my experience, I’ve faced a few common challenges while using REST Assured, such as handling complex JSON responses. To overcome this, I make extensive use of REST Assured’s JSONPath and XmlPath features which allow me to easily navigate through the response and extract the necessary information. For dynamic data, I use matchers and focus on the response structure or key fields rather than exact values. For debugging, enabling logging has been incredibly helpful to trace the requests and responses. For authentication issues, I leverage the built-in authentication mechanisms provided by REST Assured. Lastly, for performance-related concerns, I combine REST Assured with other tools that are better suited for load testing.

12. Could you describe how to set up authentication in REST Assured for a protected API endpoint? (Authentication & Security Testing)

To set up authentication in REST Assured for a protected API endpoint, you can use various methods provided by the library depending on the type of authentication required by the API:

  • Basic Authentication: Use the auth().basic(username, password) method.
  • OAuth 1.0: Use the auth().oauth(consumerKey, consumerSecret, accessToken, secretToken) method.
  • OAuth 2.0: Use the auth().oauth2(accessToken) method for Bearer token-based authentication.
  • Preemptive Authentication: To send the authentication details before the server gives an unauthorized response, use the auth().preemptive().basic(username, password) method.
  • Form Authentication: For APIs that require form-based authentication, you can use formAuth(username, password) method or send the details as form parameters using formParams method.

Code Snippet Example:

given()
    .auth()
    .basic("username", "password")
    .when()
    .get("/protected-endpoint")
    .then()
    .statusCode(200);

In the above code, .basic("username", "password") sets up basic authentication for the request.

13. How do you manage cookies in REST Assured? (Cookie Management & API Testing)

Managing cookies in REST Assured is straightforward. Here are different ways to handle cookies:

  • Sending Cookies:

    • To send a single cookie with a request: .cookie("cookieName", "cookieValue")
    • To send multiple cookies: .cookies(cookiesMap) where cookiesMap is a Map<String, String> containing cookie names and values.

  • Receiving and Storing Cookies:

    • To retrieve all cookies from a response: Response.getCookies()
    • To retrieve a specific cookie: Response.getCookie("cookieName")

Example Code Snippet:

// Sending a single cookie
given()
    .cookie("sessionId", "ABC123")
    .when()
    .get("/some-endpoint")
    .then()
    .statusCode(200);

// Storing cookies from a response
Response response = given()
    .when()
    .get("/some-endpoint");

Map<String, String> allCookies = response.getCookies();
String specificCookieValue = response.getCookie("specificCookieName");

14. What tools or approaches do you use for debugging failing REST Assured tests? (Debugging & Problem-solving)

For debugging failing REST Assured tests, the following tools and approaches are useful:

  • Enable Request/Response Logging: REST Assured has built-in logging capabilities that you can enable to see the full request and response. This helps identify issues with headers, parameters, and the body of requests and responses.

  • Test Frameworks Integration: Integrating with test frameworks like JUnit or TestNG provides detailed test reports that can point to the reasons for test failures.

  • Breakpoints and Step-by-Step Debugging: Utilize your IDE’s debugging features by setting breakpoints and stepping through the test execution.

  • External Tools: Tools like Postman or cURL can help replicate the API calls independently of REST Assured, which can be helpful to verify the behavior of the API outside of the test script context.

  • Logs and Monitoring: If you have access, checking the backend logs and monitoring tools can provide insights into server-side issues that might be causing the test to fail.

15. Can you explain the role of filters in REST Assured? (Advanced REST Assured Features & API Testing)

Filters in REST Assured allow you to intercept and modify the requests and responses in the testing lifecycle. They can be used for several purposes:

  • Custom Logging: Creating custom loggers to log request and response details in a specific format.
  • Authentication: Adding authentication tokens or headers dynamically to requests.
  • Request/Response Modification: Modifying requests or responses before they are sent or after they are received.
  • Common Headers: Adding common headers to all requests without having to specify them for each test.

Markdown Table Example Showing Different Filter Usages:

Filter Type Description Example Use Case
LoggingFilter Logs request and response details Debugging and audit
FormAuthFilter Handles form authentication Automating login steps
HeaderFilter Adds a common set of headers to each request Applying API keys or content type
Custom Filter Allows creation of custom logic for requests Modifying request body or query params
ResponseLoggingFilter Logs response details Validating response content for debug

Filters can be added globally to all requests or they can be applied to individual requests based on the testing needs.

16. How would you validate the response time of an API using REST Assured? (Performance Testing & API Testing)

In REST Assured, you can validate the response time of an API by using the time() or timeIn() methods provided by the framework. These methods allow you to assert that the response time of a request does not exceed a certain threshold.

Example Code Snippet:

long maxResponseTime = 5000; // Maximum response time in milliseconds

given()
    .when()
        .get("/yourEndpoint")
    .then()
        .time(lessThan(maxResponseTime)); // Asserts the response time is less than the defined threshold

How it Works:

  • given() is the part where you can specify the request specifications.
  • when() is where you define the action, such as get, post, etc.
  • get("/yourEndpoint") is where you would specify the endpoint of the API you are testing.
  • then() is where you can assert various aspects of the response, including status code, content, and in this case, response time.
  • time(lessThan(maxResponseTime)) is where you assert that the response time must be less than the specified maximum response time. If the response time exceeds this value, the test will fail.

17. Describe the process of logging request and response details in REST Assured. (Logging & Traceability)

Logging request and response details in REST Assured is straightforward. You can log requests, responses, or both by chaining the log() method before the when() or then() part of your request.

Example Code Snippet:

given()
    .log().all() // logs all details of the request
    .when()
        .get("/yourEndpoint")
    .then()
        .log().all(); // logs all details of the response

How it Works:

  • .log().all() will log all details of the request or response, including headers, parameters, body, and so on.
  • You can also log only specific parts of the request or response, like .log().headers(), .log().body(), or .log().cookies().
  • Logging can be conditionally applied as well, for example, .log().ifError() will only log the details if the response resulted in an error.

18. How can you use REST Assured to test APIs that require OAuth authentication? (OAuth & Security Testing)

To use REST Assured for testing APIs secured with OAuth authentication, you need to obtain an access token according to the OAuth flow your API implements (e.g., client credentials, password, authorization code) and include this token in the request headers.

Example Code Snippet:

String accessToken = "your_access_token_here";

given()
    .auth().oauth2(accessToken)
    .when()
        .get("/secureEndpoint")
    .then()
        .statusCode(200); // Assuming 200 is the expected success status code

How it Works:

  • given() allows you to specify the request setup, which in this case includes authentication.
  • .auth().oauth2(accessToken) is how you pass the OAuth2 access token you’ve obtained.
  • .when().get("/secureEndpoint") specifies the method and endpoint to test.
  • .then().statusCode(200) asserts the expected status code from a successful request.

19. Can REST Assured be used to test SOAP APIs? If so, how? (SOAP API Testing & REST Assured Capabilities)

Yes, REST Assured can be used to test SOAP APIs. Although REST Assured is primarily designed for REST API testing, it can send any HTTP request, which includes SOAP requests that are typically POST requests with an XML body.

Example Code Snippet:

String soapBody = "<soapenv:Envelope xmlns:soapenv=\"http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/\">"
                + "<soapenv:Header/>"
                + "<soapenv:Body>"
                + "<yourSoapBodyContent>"
                + "</soapenv:Body>"
                + "</soapenv:Envelope>";

given()
    .contentType("text/xml; charset=UTF-8")
    .body(soapBody)
    .when()
        .post("/soapEndpoint")
    .then()
        .statusCode(200); // Assuming 200 is the expected success status code

How it Works:

  • Set the Content-Type header to text/xml; charset=UTF-8.
  • Include the SOAP XML message as the request body.
  • Send a POST request to the SOAP endpoint.
  • Assert the response status code or other details as needed.

20. Explain how to configure REST Assured to work with SSL/TLS. (SSL/TLS Configuration & Security Testing)

To configure REST Assured to work with SSL/TLS, there are several options available for handling different SSL scenarios.

For trusting all hosts regardless of certificate:

given()
    .relaxedHTTPSValidation()
    .when()
        .get("/secureEndpoint")
    .then()
        .statusCode(200);

For custom truststore configuration:

given()
    .trustStore("path/to/truststore.jks", "truststore-password")
    .when()
        .get("/secureEndpoint")
    .then()
        .statusCode(200);

How it Works:

  • .relaxedHTTPSValidation() will trust all hosts irrespective of the SSL/TLS certificates. This is not recommended for production environments but can be useful in testing environments where certificates may not be finalized.
  • .trustStore("path/to/truststore.jks", "truststore-password") configures REST Assured to use a specific truststore. You need to provide the path to the truststore file and its password.

Note: When working with SSL/TLS, ensure you understand the implications of the configuration choices you make, especially regarding security and trust.

21. How do you customize the serialization and deserialization process in REST Assured? (Serialization/Deserialization & API Testing)

In REST Assured, you can customize the serialization and deserialization process by using custom serializers and deserializers, which can be configured to handle various data formats beyond the default JSON and XML. This is typically done using libraries such as Jackson or Gson to serialize Java objects to JSON/XML or deserialize JSON/XML to Java objects.

Here’s an example of how to use a custom serializer with REST Assured:

// Custom serializer
Serializer serializer = new MyCustomSerializer();

RestAssured.given()
  .contentType(ContentType.JSON)
  .body(myObject, serializer) // Using the custom serializer
  .when()
  .post("/myEndpoint");

For deserialization, you can create a custom deserializer and set it up with the getObject method:

// Custom deserializer
Deserializer deserializer = new MyCustomDeserializer();

MyClass myObject = RestAssured.get("/myEndpoint")
  .as(MyClass.class, deserializer); // Using the custom deserializer

Remember to ensure that your custom serializer and deserializer classes properly handle the data formats and structures you expect in your API requests and responses.

22. What is the significance of RequestSpecification and ResponseSpecification in REST Assured? (Request/Response Specification & API Testing)

RequestSpecification and ResponseSpecification are used in REST Assured to create reusable templates for requests and responses, respectively. These templates help to define common settings, which can then be applied across multiple API calls, making tests cleaner and reducing duplication.

Here is a table summarizing their significance:

Specification Significance
RequestSpecification – Allows pre-defining common request parameters, headers, cookies, and body content.<br>- Enhances test readability by abstracting repetitive setup code.<br>- Facilitates easy maintenance and updates to request details.
ResponseSpecification – Enables the definition of expected response criteria, such as status code and headers.<br>- Assists in asserting multiple response attributes with a single line of code.<br>- Improves consistency across tests by standardizing response validations.

23. How do you handle file uploads and downloads using REST Assured? (File Handling & API Testing)

In REST Assured, file uploads can be handled by specifying the file to be uploaded along with the appropriate form data and MIME type.

For file uploads, here’s how you would do it:

File myFile = new File("/path/to/file");

given()
  .multiPart("file", myFile)
  .when()
  .post("/uploadEndpoint")
  .then()
  .statusCode(200);

For file downloads, you can retrieve the response as a byte array and then write it to a file, like so:

byte[] fileContent = given()
                     .when()
                     .get("/downloadEndpoint")
                     .then()
                     .statusCode(200)
                     .extract()
                     .asByteArray();

// Write the byte array to a file
Files.write(Paths.get("/path/to/save/file"), fileContent);

24. Discuss how you would approach testing a new RESTful API using REST Assured. (Test Planning & API Testing)

When approaching testing a new RESTful API with REST Assured, I would take the following steps:

  1. Understand API Specifications: Begin by thoroughly understanding the API’s purpose, functionality, and endpoints, including request methods, parameters, and expected responses.
  2. Set Up the Testing Environment: Configure the base URI, port, and base path, and prepare any authentication necessary for accessing the API.
  3. Write Test Cases: Create test cases that cover all aspects of the API, including positive tests, negative tests, edge cases, and performance tests.
  4. Implement Test Cases: Write the actual code for the test cases using REST Assured, ensuring to validate status codes, response bodies, and headers.
  5. Data-Driven Testing: If applicable, use data-driven approaches to test with various input data.
  6. Test Execution: Run the tests and ensure they pass consistently.
  7. Continuous Integration: Integrate the tests into a CI/CD pipeline for automated regression testing.

25. What practices do you follow to ensure your REST Assured test suites are maintainable and scalable? (Test Suite Maintenance & Scalability)

To ensure REST Assured test suites are maintainable and scalable, I follow these best practices:

  • Modular Design: Break down tests into smaller, reusable modules or methods.
  • Code Reusability: Utilize RequestSpecification and ResponseSpecification to avoid repetition.
  • Centralized Configuration: Store base URI, port, and authentication details in a central configuration file.
  • Data Separation: Keep test data separate from test logic, using external data sources when possible.
  • Version Control: Make use of version control systems like Git to manage changes and collaborate.
  • Comments and Documentation: Properly comment the code and maintain updated documentation.
  • Regular Refactoring: Refactor tests regularly to improve structure and remove obsolete code.
  • Test Coverage: Ensure adequate test coverage for all API endpoints and scenarios.

By following these practices, you can create a REST Assured test suite that is both maintainable over time and can be easily scaled to accommodate new API endpoints and changes.

4. Tips for Preparation

Before the interview, ensure you’re familiar with the basics of RESTful services, HTTP methods, and the principles of REST. Dive deep into the REST Assured library, practicing the creation and execution of tests for different HTTP requests. Brush up on your knowledge of Java as REST Assured is Java-based, and understand serialization and deserialization concepts.

Work on your logical and problem-solving skills, as API testing often requires thinking through complex scenarios. Be prepared to discuss and demonstrate your debugging process. Additionally, soft skills are crucial; practice explaining technical concepts clearly and concisely, which showcases your communication abilities.

5. During & After the Interview

During the interview, be confident and honest about your experience and expertise. Demonstrate your technical skills through clear explanations and, if possible, practical examples. Interviewers will be interested in your thought process, so articulate your reasoning well.

Avoid common pitfalls such as being overly technical without considering the interviewers’ background, not asking clarifying questions, or appearing uninterested. Show enthusiasm for the role and the company. Prepare thoughtful questions to ask the interviewer about the team, projects, and growth opportunities.

After the interview, follow up with a thank-you email to express your appreciation for the opportunity. This courteous gesture can help you stand out. Typically, companies will share feedback or next steps within a week or two; however, this can vary, so be patient but proactive in seeking updates if necessary.

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